{"id":2515,"date":"2024-06-06T09:18:45","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T06:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uanimals.org\/media\/bez-katehorii\/vidnovytys-pislia-ekotsydu\/"},"modified":"2024-06-20T15:28:01","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T12:28:01","slug":"vidnovytys-pislia-ekotsydu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uanimals.org\/media\/en\/statti-en\/vidnovytys-pislia-ekotsydu\/","title":{"rendered":"Recovering from Ecocide: The Past and Future of the Kakhovka Reservoir"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Once known as the Grand Meadow, the ancient Ukrainian steppe, the area has become the bed of the Kakhovka Reservoir by Soviet engineers who built a dam. The recent act of ecocide by the russians, who blew up the dam, has been studied under the #StopEcocideUkraine project to understand how nature is recovering.<\/span><\/p>\n

Seventy years ago, the floodplains, meadows, and steppes in the south of Ukraine were teeming with life, flourishing with wild vegetation, abuzz with birds, and home to various fish and reptiles. Between 1955 and 1958, Soviet engineers flooded this area to create the Kakhovka Reservoir, submerging a fascinating and diverse landscape that decayed under the water for decades. This stagnant water bloomed with cyanobacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the degradation, over 65 years, the Kakhovka Reservoir developed important<\/span> A biotope is an area of land or a part of a body of water with a homogeneous relief and a range of living organisms inhabiting it.<\/span>biotopes<\/span>, mainly colonies of waterfowl.\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

Additionally, a water supply system was built around the reservoir, providing fresh water to southern Ukraine.<\/span><\/p>\n

In June of last year, the Kakhovka Reservoir drained due to the dam\u2019s destruction by russian forces, exposing approximately 2,000 square kilometers (772 square miles) \u2014 an area the size of 250,000 football fields.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This raised concerns about the freshwater supply for parts of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Mykolaiv, and even Dnipropetrovsk regions.<\/span><\/p>\n

The government plans to restore the reservoir. According to a government <\/span>decree<\/span><\/a>, during the war and for five years after, the Kakhovka area can only be used for restoring the reservoir and constructing hydraulic facilities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, some ecologists argue this is a flawed idea, suggesting that a more valuable biodiversity area could develop in place of the stagnant water body.<\/span><\/p>\n

In any case, realistically, reconstruction is impossible as long as most of the reservoir\u2019s left bank remains occupied by hostile forces. Currently, nature is the sole designer and builder of the former reservoir bed.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”2355″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Dnipro Floodplains. Photo by Viktor Petrochenko<\/span><\/h6>\n

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Science Under Fire\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u201cIt was just mountains of trash. We called them \u2018horkulents.\u2019 Whatever the russians ate, they threw away, plus they stole various items from the village: carpets, chairs, and tables. It was all lying out in the open,\u201d<\/em> recounts botanist Ivan Moisiyenko, co-founder of the Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, about his first trip to the reservoir shore. He arrived at the Kamianska Sich National Nature Park three weeks after Kherson\u2019s liberation \u2014 on December 1, 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n

The national park removed the trash, but trenches and dugouts left by the invaders still remain: for over a month, that territory was a battlefield.<\/span><\/p>\n

Subsequent trips by the botanist to the <\/span>now-former reservoir <\/span>were not without danger, \u201cMy colleague and I were accompanied by park staff because the area was heavily mined: you need to know where to walk. The first time, we traveled along the Kherson-Beryslav-Marianske road (over the former reservoir). At the checkpoint, we were warned of the threat of FPV drone attacks. The next time, this road was already closed because FPV drones had been attacking civilian cars. We had to take a long detour.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The very act of researching the area is highly risky. Being on the former reservoir\u2019s territory means being within reach of russian artillery. Additionally, any movement could trigger a reaction from enemy strike drones.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cResearch can be cut short very quickly \u2014 just as you\u2019re starting,\u201d<\/em> says Vasyl Kostiushyn, a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences and a researcher at the Institute of Zoology.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”2357″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

This is how scientists study insects. Photo provided by Oleksiy Vasyliuk<\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]Botanists at least have the chance to study the vegetation at the former shore\u2019s edge or use aerial photography. Zoologists, however, need to venture deeper into the territory. Completing most tasks quickly is not feasible, explains ecologist Oleksiy Vasyliuk, head of the Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group, \u201cTo study land animals, you need to set up special zoological traps of various types and inspect them every half hour. For a complete picture, insect studies are necessary. Different species fly at different times, so such expeditions need to be conducted multiple times. Many insects are nocturnal, and to learn about them, you need to set up powerful spotlights and use them for several nights.\u201d<\/em><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]To observe large mammals, camera traps are placed along their paths, which first need to be located. \u201cThere is no information about the current state of the reservoir\u2019s fauna. It\u2019s unknown if zoological research can be conducted before full de-occupation,\u201d adds Oleksiy Vasyliuk.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, what have researchers managed to discover in the year following the catastrophe?<\/span><\/p>\n

The Grand Meadow is Not Really a Meadow<\/b><\/p>\n

The area filled by the reservoir in the 1950s is historically called the Grand Meadow (Velykyi Luh). Be careful, though, as the name can be misleading. Before the flooding, this area comprised not only meadows but also a network of channels, lakes, swamps, floodplain forests, and steppe fragments.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oleksiy Valysiuk explains that, until the 1950s, this was the number one area in Ukraine for biodiversity, \u201cLooking at the relief of this territory, one can assert that it housed the most diverse and dynamic landscape in Ukraine. It played a crucial role in global seasonal bird migrations. Since the 1920s, scientific and state institutions had been striving to create a nature reserve here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, after studying satellite images, <\/span>concluded<\/span><\/a> that there is hope for the restoration of the channels and floodplains. The relief under the water\u2019s surface hasn\u2019t leveled out; it still retains the depressions of former floodplains and swamps.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”2360″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Satellite image taken on July 15, 2023. Source Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Already, the Kamianka River, which had been buried under stagnant water for 65 years, is flowing through the area.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, it is futile to hope that nature will regenerate exactly as it was before the reservoir, says biologist Vasyl Kostiushyn. \u201cAll the distributaries and floodplains form when the river is alive, meaning there are annual floods. But now the Dnipro\u2019s course is almost nowhere natural: it\u2019s entirely regulated by reservoirs. We can\u2019t know if there will be floods,\u201d<\/em> explains the scientist.<\/span><\/p>\n

He doubts that the Dnipro will be allowed to return to its natural course. Canals used to branch off from the Kakhovka Reservoir, supplying water to the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions, the Kryvyi Rih district, and, in the past, Crimea. Additionally, groundwater was connected to the reservoir. Part of the water from this reservoir reached wells, as the natural groundwater is brackish and unsuitable for drinking.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBiological diversity is unlikely to be a priority. I hope the government will agree to at least an intermediate solution,\u201d<\/em> says Vasyl Kostiushyn.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Institute of Hydrobiology has proposed such a <\/span>solution<\/span><\/a>: they want to separate the shallow northeastern part of the river from the reservoir with a dam. If this dam also regulates the water level, it could simulate a flood, explains the biologist. This would create meadow and floodplain biotopes: it wouldn\u2019t be exactly what existed before the Kakhovka Reservoir was created, but it would resemble the previous landscapes of the Grand Meadow.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”2384″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Floodplain with water lilies. Source: Grand Meadow National Nature Park<\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Vasyl Kostiushyn suggests, \u201cI think this area will be a mix of open biotopes and sections overgrown with shrubs and new forests. Without water, it could become a desert.\u201d<\/em> On the bottom of the former reservoir, a whole tapestry of ecosystems could appear. What it will be like entirely depends on the water level.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Victorious Willow and Valuable Steppe<\/b><\/h2>\n

The former reservoir bed has turned green with willows. This both surprised and pleased botanists: they feared it would become overgrown with alien species. The willow grew on the silt. But the willow shoots will still struggle for survival \u2014 over time, the thickets will <\/span>thin out<\/span><\/a> in this struggle<\/span>.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text]\n

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Crevices on the bottom of the former Kakhovka Reservoir with willow sprouts. Source: Suspilne Dnipro<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Willow shoots. Photo by Oleksandr Khodosovtsev\n<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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The former bed of the Kakhovka Reservoir. Photo by Oleksandr Khodosovtsev<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n [vc_column_text]Additionally, in the areas accessible to researchers, the petrophilous (rocky) steppe should have been restored \u2014 a valuable site for biodiversity not only in Ukraine but in Europe as well. Therefore, botanical expeditions studied the limestoneRock outcrops are bare, exposed rocks that are older than those that cover them. <\/span>outcrops<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

on the slopes of the ravines. The steppe was slow to regrow, says Ivan Moisiyenko:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMy theory is this. The steppe areas that exist now were separated from the reservoir by willow thickets, reeds, and shrubs. The steppes that existed before the reservoir and are now exposed are isolated from other steppe areas. The seeds of steppe species did not reach that limestone. We started looking for a place where the steppe almost reached the water. And we found it.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

There, researchers found about 10 steppe species. For example, they added the toadflax (Linaria macroura) to the herbarium. Ivan Moisiyenko says, \u201cI believe the steppe will restore itself on the outcrops that were the reservoir\u2019s bottom. But it will take some time for the seeds to reach them.\u201d<\/em><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Fans of the Current<\/b><\/h2>\n

In the final years of the Kakhovka Reservoir\u2019s existence, about 46 fish species were recorded there, explains ichthyologist Yuliya Kutsokon. The reservoir was home to common roach, common bream, silver carp, and Black Sea sprat. However, the dominant species was the Prussian carp, \u201cIt made up about 70% of the entire catch. This is an invasive fish species,\u201d<\/em> says Yuliya. This carp, by the way, is not demanding in terms of water quality and can live in silted waters with low oxygen content. Most of its neighbors were also foreign to the Dnipro, artificially reproduced for fisheries.<\/span><\/p>\n

Before the reservoir was built, the fish fauna in this section of the Dnipro was richer and more diverse, with around 60 species: beluga sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, Pontic shad, Vimba vimba, Black Sea roach, common nase, Alburnus sarmaticus, blue bream, white-eye bream, gudgeon, Dnipro barbel, weatherfish, burbot, Donets ruffe, and European flounder. In the reservoir, these species either disappeared or their numbers decreased so drastically that no one had seen them for many years.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf this section becomes a river again, it will definitely have a positive impact from a conservation perspective,\u201d<\/em> says Yuliya Kutsokon. Then, populations of rheophilic fish \u2014 those that love currents \u2014 might have a chance to appear.<\/span><\/p>\n

For instance, a current is needed for the spawning of sabrefish, says Yuliia: \u201cSabrefish needs a large river. Its eggs develop in the water column but must have a current; otherwise, the eggs settle and die.\u201d<\/em> Sabrefish is included in international conservation lists.<\/span><\/p>\n

Additionally, species that migrated from the sea to the river could gradually reappear if any remain either in the lower Dnipro or its tributaries. \u201cDesna, for example, is a powerful place for preserving many rheophilic populations. It has an interesting fish, the common nase. The Sluch has the Dnipro barbel \u2014 now an extremely rare fish listed in the Red Data Book. Perhaps something will return here as well.\u201d<\/em><\/span>[\/vc_column_text]\n

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Sabrefish. Photo by Markku Varjo<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Common nase. Source: https:\/\/www.fishbase.se<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n [vc_column_text]Among mammals, beavers and river otters, which still live below the former reservoir, may come to the floodplains.<\/span><\/p>\n

And What About the Land?<\/b><\/h2>\n

The animal world will depend on the tapestry of biotopes that form. Open water and shallow areas will attract waterfowl, says Vasyl Kostiushyn. If it is dry, the area will host larks and wheatears; if there are bushes, warblers and various passeriformes will appear; if forests develop, thrushes, woodpeckers, and birds of prey will settle there.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFoxes might already be exploring these areas. The wild boar \u2014 an undemanding animal \u2014 uses everything from reed ponds to ancient forests,\u201d<\/em> says the biologist.<\/span><\/p>\n

What the fauna of the Grand Meadow was like before the flooding is not precisely known, says Oleksiy Vasyliuk, \u201cThere is no paper that properly describes this area, nor is there any living zoologist who remembers the territory before the flooding.\u201d<\/em><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]The Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group hopes to organize zoological expeditions as soon as it becomes possible. They promise to publish more detailed studies about the state of the animal world on the bottom of the former reservoir and the prospects for the Grand Meadow.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Main photo: Kamianska Sich National Nature Park in August 2023. Vegetation on part of the riverbed. Photo by Serhiy Skoryk<\/span><\/i><\/h6>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”2397″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”2395″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]This publication was compiled with the support of the European Union and the International Renaissance Foundation within the framework \u00abEuropean Renaissance of Ukraine\u00bb project. Its content is the exclusive responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union and the International Renaissance Foundation.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Once known as the Grand Meadow, the ancient Ukrainian steppe, the area has become the bed of the Kakhovka Reservoir by Soviet engineers who built a dam. The recent act of ecocide by the russians, who blew up the dam, has been studied under the #StopEcocideUkraine project to understand how nature is recovering. Seventy years […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2354,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[75,119,38,113,117],"topic":[76],"class_list":["post-2515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-statti-en","tag-ekotsyd-en","tag-fish-en","tag-nauka-en","tag-dyki-en","tag-ryba-en","topic-nadvazhlyvi-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRecovering from Ecocide: The Past and Future of the Kakhovka Reservoir<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Once known as the Grand Meadow, the ancient Ukrainian steppe, the area has become the bed of the Kakhovka Reservoir by Soviet engineers who built a dam. 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